neuronal human synapsin promoter  (Addgene inc)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neural entero-pancreatic pathway that regulates insulin secretion and glucose tolerance

doi: 10.1101/2025.08.14.670343

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Schematic of the entero-pancreatic neural circuit and retrograde tracing strategy. AAVrg-hSyn-mCherry was injected intraductally into the pancreas of ChAT–GFP mice. b , An in toto preparation of the duodenum and pancreas illustrating their anatomical continuity at the level of the common bile duct. Tissues were immunostained for βIII-tubulin (magenta), ChAT–GFP (cyan) and viral mCherry (yellow). c–e , Flat-mount preparations showing traced neurons in myenteric but not submucosal ganglia. Immunostaining for nNOS (magenta), ChAT–GFP (cyan) and mCherry (yellow). c, c′ , Retrogradely labeled neurons in the duodenal myenteric plexus d , Submucosal ganglia lack labeled neurons. e , Distribution of traced neurons along the myenteric plexus, distances from the pylorus indicated. f–h , Quantification of neuronal phenotypes (3–15 randomly selected areas per region, 100–1000 neurons per area, n = 3 mice). f , Percentage of total neurons positive for ChAT, nNOS and the tracer AAV PHP.S . g , Percentages of AAV PHP.S + neurons of the total neuronal population in peripheral ganglia known to innervate the pancreas: myenteric plexus (2–4 cm from pylorus), nodose ganglion (NG), thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG; T9–T11) and coeliac ganglia. h , Neurochemical identity of traced neurons in myenteric, pancreatic and nodose ganglia: ChAT+ (cyan), nNOS+ (magenta), ChAT+/nNOS+ (pink) or double-negative (grey).

Article Snippet: For retrograde tracing studies, we injected the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing reporter mCherry under neuronal human synapsin promoter (rAAV-hSyn-mCherry, AddGene 114472) into the pancreatic duct of ChAT-GFP transgenic mice ( ).

Techniques: Retrograde Tracing, Injection, Immunostaining, Labeling

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neural entero-pancreatic pathway that regulates insulin secretion and glucose tolerance

doi: 10.1101/2025.08.14.670343

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Schematic of the entero-pancreatic neural axis and anterograde viral tracing strategy. AAVphp.s-hSyn-mCherry was injected submuscularly into the stomach antrum and duodenum of wild-type mice. b , Duodenal flat mount showing a viral injection site (mCherry, yellow). c–i , Representative pancreatic sections immunostained for βIII-tubulin (cyan), VIP (magenta), mCherry (yellow) and DAPI (grey). c , Low-magnification view of a section containing three endocrine islets. d–f , High-magnification view of a representative islet (highlighted in c) with numerous traced varicosities in the endocrine parenchyma and fewer in a neighboring ganglion; some varicosities are VIP-positive ( e ). g–i , Islet with few traced varicosities in the endocrine parenchyma but more in the adjacent ganglion. j , Quantification of traced varicosities in endocrine islets as in d and g . Varicosities were present in 8 of 39 analyzed islets ( n = 3 mice).

Article Snippet: For retrograde tracing studies, we injected the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing reporter mCherry under neuronal human synapsin promoter (rAAV-hSyn-mCherry, AddGene 114472) into the pancreatic duct of ChAT-GFP transgenic mice ( ).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A neural entero-pancreatic pathway that regulates insulin secretion and glucose tolerance

doi: 10.1101/2025.08.14.670343

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Schematic of the experimental design where entero-pancreatic neurons were labeled with GFP using the INTACT technique followed by snRNA-seq. To achieve population-specific nuclear labeling, floxed Sun1-GFP transgenic mice received intraductal pancreatic injection of AAVrg-hSyn-Cre. b, Reference UMAP of 111 GFP+ enteric nuclei from mouse duodenum. c, Representative images of the duodenal flat mounts depicting Sun-1-GFP+ nuclei in nNos+ myenteric neurons. Immunostaining for bIII-Tubulin (cyan), nNos (magenta), vAChT (white), DAPI (blue), and endogenous Sun1-GFP (yellow). d, Transcriptomic signature of pancreas-projecting enteric neurons reported in a series of dot plots for genes associated with major groups of neurotransmitters and neuronal receptors. Dot size reflects the fraction of nuclei expressing the gene, dot color indicates the mean expression level in expressing nuclei. Some of the gene names were swapped with the names of the protein they encode, for ease of identification (red). For a comparison of the transcriptional profiles of entero-pancreatic neurons with all enteric neurons from Drokholyanski et al. , see Extended Data Fig.3.

Article Snippet: For retrograde tracing studies, we injected the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) expressing reporter mCherry under neuronal human synapsin promoter (rAAV-hSyn-mCherry, AddGene 114472) into the pancreatic duct of ChAT-GFP transgenic mice ( ).

Techniques: Labeling, Transgenic Assay, Injection, Immunostaining, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Nature Nanotechnology

Article Title: Magnetoelectric nanodiscs enable wireless transgene-free neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b , The relative GCaMP6s fluorescence change (∆ F / F 0 ) in hippocampal neurons decorated with MENDs before ( a ) and after ( b ) MF application (10 s, OMF 220 mT; AMF 1 kHz, 10 mT). Scale bars, 150 µm. c , The change in live cell ratio (counted from a live–dead assay in neurons normalized to the total number of cells marked by Hoechst staining) following three cycles of MF for neurons decorated with different MEND densities (0 µg mm −2 , 0.75 µg mm −2 , and 1 µg mm −2 ). Statistical significance was tested via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests ( n = 5 plates per condition, P = 3.79 × 10 –7 for 1 µg mm −2 ; P = 0.79 for 0.75 µg mm −2 ; P = 0.998 for 0 µg mm −2 ; **** P ≤ 0.0001, n.s. P > 0.05). The error bars indicate s.d. d , e , Individual ( d ) and average ( e ) traces of GCaMP6s ∆ F / F 0 in 300 hippocampal neurons decorated with MENDs in response to 10 mT AMF with frequencies 100, 150, 250, 500 and 1,000 Hz ( H OMF = 220 mT). The dashed grey and magenta lines indicate the beginning and end of MF stimulation, respectively. f , Individual cell (top) and mean (bottom) GCaMP6s fluorescence changes in 300 neurons in response to 2 s MF epochs applied at varying intervals (OMF 220 mT; AMF 150 Hz, 10 mT). g , The number of GCaMP6s fluorescence peaks as a function of stimulation epoch length for rest intervals of 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s (OMF 220 mT; AMF 150 Hz, 10 mT). h – l , Individual cell (top) and mean (bottom) GCaMP6s fluorescence changes in response to 2 s MF (OMF 220 mT; AMF 100 Hz, 10 mT) epochs at 30 s ( h ), 10 s ( i ), 5 s ( j ), 2 s ( k ) and 1 s ( l ) intervals for 0.75 µg mm −2 MEND density. In f and h – l bottom panels, the lines and shaded areas represent the mean and s.e.m., respectively. m , The position of the first GCaMP6s peak from the MF onset and spiking probability equal to the fraction of trials triggering GCaMP6s transients across five MF epochs. The error bars indicate s.d. ( n = 3 plates per condition).

Article Snippet: Four days following seeding, the neurons were transduced with 1 µl of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying a fluorescent calcium ion indicator GCaMP6s under a pan-neuronal human synapsin (hSyn) promoter (AAV9-hSyn::GCaMP6s, Addgene viral prep #100843-AAV9, >1 × 10 13 IU ml −1 ).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Live Dead Assay, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Nature Nanotechnology

Article Title: Magnetoelectric nanodiscs enable wireless transgene-free neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , An illustration of stimulation mechanism, where d is spacing between MEND particles, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$a$$\end{document} a is cell radius, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta V$$\end{document} Δ V is the change in membrane potential per half-period of an AMF, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V}_{0}$$\end{document} V 0 is the voltage generated by a single MEND. b , The calculated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Delta V$$\end{document} Δ V as a function of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V}_{0}$$\end{document} V 0 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d$$\end{document} d . c , Simulated membrane potential \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V(t)$$\end{document} V ( t ) as a function of time from AMF onset for varying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V}_{0}$$\end{document} V 0 values and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d=0.25a$$\end{document} d = 0.25 a . The threshold for action potential firing, –55 mV, is indicated with a dashed line. d , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$V(t)$$\end{document} V ( t ) at a time t = 2 s after AMF onset as a function of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d$$\end{document} d , for varying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V}_{0}$$\end{document} V 0 values. e , Time to reach threshold membrane potential (–55 mV) from the resting potential (–75 mV) as a function of AMF frequency ƒ AMF for varying \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${V}_{0}$$\end{document} V 0 values. f , (i–iii) SEM images showing MENDs decorating cultured hippocampal neurons. (ii) A higher-magnification image of the area marked by a box in panel i. (iii) MENDs on the neuron surface shaded in blue. Scale bars: 20 µm (i), 5 µm (ii) and 100 nm (iii). g , h , GCaMP6s fluorescence change in neurons decorated with MEND following 2 s stimulations (OMF 220 mT; AMF 150 Hz, 10 mT, marked by vertical grey bars) in the presence of TTX, 1 µM ( g ) or a cocktail of AP5, 100 µM and CNQX, 20 µM ( h ). i , Fluorescent images of primary hippocampal neurons co-transfected with Voltron 2.0 (labelled with JF585) and GCaMP6s. Scale bars, 150 µm. j , The fluorescence change of JF585-labelled Voltron 2.0 in neurons decorated with MENDs before (left) and after (right) 2 s MF application (10 mT, 100 Hz AMF; 220 mT OMF). Scale bars, 40 µm. k , l , Individual (top) and average (bottom) traces of negative relative fluorescence change (−∆ F / F 0 ) of JF585-labelled Voltron 2.0 ( k ) and GCaMP6s ∆ F / F 0 traces from MEND-decorated neurons subjected to five 2 s epochs of combined MF (10 mT, 100 Hz AMF; 220 mT OMF) separated by 10 s intervals ( l ). In g and h and in bottom panels in k and l , the lines and shaded areas represent the mean and s.e.m.

Article Snippet: Four days following seeding, the neurons were transduced with 1 µl of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying a fluorescent calcium ion indicator GCaMP6s under a pan-neuronal human synapsin (hSyn) promoter (AAV9-hSyn::GCaMP6s, Addgene viral prep #100843-AAV9, >1 × 10 13 IU ml −1 ).

Techniques: Membrane, Generated, Cell Culture, Fluorescence, Transfection

Journal: Nature Nanotechnology

Article Title: Magnetoelectric nanodiscs enable wireless transgene-free neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/s41565-024-01798-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b , Fibre photometry recordings of GCaMP6s ∆ F / F 0 in the VTA of anaesthetized mice at 2 weeks following MEND injections in the same brain region with 5 s MF epochs of 100 Hz 10 mT AMF, 200 mT OMF ( a ) and 2 s MF epochs of 150 Hz 10 mT AMF, 200 mT OMF ( b ). c , The fraction of trials exhibiting a GCaMP6s fluorescence maximum (peak) within 20 s from the MF or current onset 2 weeks after the injection or implantation surgery. d , GCaMP6s ∆ F / F 0 recorded in mice implanted with a fibre and electrodes in the VTA and stimulated with 5 s current epochs. e , The mean value of GCaMP6s fluorescence peak per animal in a and d . The error bars represent s.d. f , g , MRI images (coronal view (left), scale bars 2 mm; sagittal view (right), scale bars 3 mm) of the brains isolated from mice at 2 weeks ( f ) and 2 months ( g ) following unilateral injections of MENDs into the left VTA. The arrows indicate the MEND bolus. h , i , Fluorescent images of right ( h ) and left ( i ) VTA immunostained for TH, c-Fos and DAPI. Scale bar, 100 µm. The area including MENDs in the left VTA is darker than the surroundings. j , The percentage of c-Fos-expressing cells among the TH-expressing cells in the left and right VTA at 2 weeks and 2 months following unilateral MEND injection. k – m , Fibre photometry traces in response to MF (5 s, OMF 220 mT, AMF 10 mT, 100 Hz) at 1 month ( k ), 2 months ( l ) and 3 months ( m ) following the MEND injection and fibre implantation surgery. In a , b , d and k – m , individual trial ∆ F / F 0 is shown (top) and the lines and shaded areas represent mean and s.e.m. across trials shown above (bottom) ( a , n = 14; b , n = 4; d , n = 6; k , n = 8; l , n = 7; m , n = 5 mice). The grey rectangles indicate MF epochs, and the magenta horizontal lines delineate data from individual mice. In c , one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P > 0.05 is not indicated. In e , two-sample t -test was performed, and in j , paired t -test was performed as the data are normally distributed.

Article Snippet: Four days following seeding, the neurons were transduced with 1 µl of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) carrying a fluorescent calcium ion indicator GCaMP6s under a pan-neuronal human synapsin (hSyn) promoter (AAV9-hSyn::GCaMP6s, Addgene viral prep #100843-AAV9, >1 × 10 13 IU ml −1 ).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Injection, Isolation, Expressing, Comparison